TMU Repository
TMU Repository is a platform that enables the University to:
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Recent Submissions
EMA 111: Environmental Education
(Tom Mboya University, 2025) Tom Mboya University
EDF 111: History of Education, Sociology and Comparative Education
(Tom Mboya University, 2025) Tom Mboya University
Age- and sex- specific differences in haematological abnormalities associated with HBB gene polymorphisms among patients infected with Plasmodium falciparum
(Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Reports, 2026) Kosiyo, Paul Mboya; Ayodo, George; Munde, Elly Ochieng
Age and sex influence haematological abnormalities in Plasmodium falciparum malaria, but their link to Beta sub-unit genes (HBB) gene polymorphisms is unclear. This study examined these factors in infected patients. In this analytical cross-sectional study of 234 participants in Kenya (90 infected with malaria, 144 non-infected; 20 with HbSS, 214 with HbAS/HbAA), individuals aged ≥6 months with fever >37.5°C were recruited. Participants were stratified by infection status, HBB genotype, and age groups (6–59, 60–120, >120 months). P. falciparum was detected via microscopy, hematological parameters with Celtac G MEK-9100K, and HBB genotyping by real-time PCR. Statistical tests compared proportions, laboratory features, and associations between age/sex and hematological abnormalities. Haemoglobin (Hb) was lower (p=0.002), while Mean cell volume (MCV) (p=0.036) and platelet count (p=0.046) were higher in those infected and have carriage of HbSS relative to those infected and have carriage of HbAS/HbAA, respectively. White blood cell count (WBC) was comparable between the two groups with p=0.076. Participants of age >120 months had increased odds of anaemia as shown by low Hb [OR=13.362, 95% CI=2.742-65.119, p=0.001], low HCT [OR= 3.132, 95% CI= 1.783-24.694, p= 0.002] and low RBC [OR=7.888, 95% CI=1.691-36.791, p=0.009]. Additionally, older patients had reduced risk of agranulocytosis [OR=0.208, 95% CI=0.056-0.778, p=0.002]. With respect to sex, platelets were higher (p=0.007) in infected females relative to infected males; none of the abnormalities was associated with sex within the context of this study's population and sample size. HBB polymorphisms modulate haematological abnormalities and older age (>120 months) is strongly associated with increased risk of anaemia, which is more pronounced in P. falciparum infection. Anaemia and related abnormalities are most evident in HbSS carriers compared to HbAS/HbAA, while sex shows no association with these haematological changes.
Predictive analysis of criminal behavior based on age and height: A case study of inmate demographic in homabay prison kenya
(International Journal of Professional Business Review, 2025-08-15) Okelo, Stephen Lucas
Objective: This study explored whether attributes such as —age and height—can help anticipate criminal behaviour among inmates in Homa Bay County, Kenya. It aimed to assess how effective age and height contributes to crime prediction.
Theoretical Framework: The study was guided by criminology theories linking demographic variables to crime typologies, particularly the age–crime curve (Farrington, 2003; Ngugi & Mwangi, 2020) and studies associating physical traits such as height with aggressive crimes (Adeyemi & Olatunji, 2019). These frameworks supported the hypothesis that age and height jointly influence the likelihood and type of criminal activity.
Conceptual Framework: The study was anchored on hypothesized relationships between inmate demographic variables (age and height) and the type of crime committed, as well as how these variables can be used to build predictive models for criminal behavior.
Method: a desktop review and quantitative data analysis design was adopted. Target population include 290 records of inmate prisoners from Homa Bay prison. Data collection tools included a record of reported crimes. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and visualizations to examine how offences are distributed across age and height groups.
Results and Discussion: the study showed a positive relationship between age and height, whereby age proved to be a stronger predictor, with offences peaking around age 28, while height plays a secondary role, showing modest associations with violent crimes at certain ranges (notably around 6.8 feet).
Research Implications: The results provide valuable insights for law enforcement profiling, youth-focused preventive interventions, and rehabilitation planning in Kenya. Predictive models incorporating age and height could help reduce mistaken identity, strengthen criminal investigations, and guide correctional programming.
Originality/Value: This study contributes original empirical evidence from a developing county, addressing gaps in criminal identification and supporting strategic decision-making in crime prediction and rehabilitation measures.
Hydrology-Based Evaluation of Irrigation and Cropping Practices in Relation to Malaria Transmission in Western Kenya
(2026-07-13) Jiang, Ai-Ling; Lee, Ming-Chieh; Atieli, Harrysone; Yan, Guiyun; Hsu, Kuo-lin
Irrigation is widely linked to increased malaria vector population and transmission in rural Africa, yet it remains essential for improving food security. Balancing agricultural productivity with public health therefore requires approaches that consider malaria risk. In this study, we integrated a hydrologic model with an agent-based malaria model to evaluate the impacts of cropping practices, irrigation strategies, and human and mosquito mobility on malaria transmission in Homa Bay, Kenya. We examined scenarios with single crops (either staple or cash crops) and mixed cropping systems, alongside irrigation methods including flood, intermittent, and drip irrigation. The modelling framework captures spatiotemporal dynamics of mosquito breeding habitats driven by crop water demands and irrigation scheduling. Results show that staple crops such as rice required approximately 12% more irrigation than vegetables but were associated with 3-7% lower transmission metrics. This suggests that the timing and spatial distribution of water application are more important than total irrigation volume in determining larval habitat conditions. Combining intermittent and drip irrigation reduced malaria prevalence by 44% relative to flood irrigation, as it limited the extent and persistence of larval habitats. Water-efficient irrigation strategies also concentrated transmission into smaller areas, making targeted interventions more feasible. Under these more heterogeneous risk patterns, human movement and vector dispersal played a critical role in shaping malaria prevalence. Overall, the integrated modelling approach provides a framework for evidence based agricultural planning that meets crop water demands while reducing malaria risk.