Research Papers

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An Investigation of the Relationship between Government Spending and Private Consumption in Kenya.
(SAS Publishers (Scholars Academic and Scientific Publishers), 2017-09-30) Kametu Evans Ndia; Dr. Nyongesa Destaings Nyenyi; Dr. Odondo Alphonse Juma
Over the past years, the relationship between government spending and private consumption remains one of the contentious issues in macroeconomics literature. The question of whether public expenditure is neutral or crowds in or out private consumption has dominated theoretical and empirical debate. Three major schools of thought on the issue are observed in the literature, these are the Ricardian equivalence theorem, the Keynesian framework and the Substitutability hypothesis each with a distinct set of explanations. These contrasting schools of thought have triggered several empirical studies attempting to investigate the relationship between government spending and private consumption. However, conclusions from the empirical studies are inconclusive. Most of the empirical studies, on the subject have mainly focused on the high-income countries which have different structural properties in their economic structure and government spending patterns. There is scanty literature on the relationship between private consumption and government spending in the less developed economies. In Kenya, most of the studies focus on the relationship between government expenditure and economic growth. The government expenditure in Kenya has been increasing gradually over the years. The average value of government expenditure was 9.96 billion U.S. dollars with a minimum of 0.56 billion U.S. dollars in 1961 and a maximum of 50.29 billion U.S. dollars in 2015. On the other hand, the private consumption, average increment was 2.06 billion U.S. dollars with a minimum of 0.09 billion U.S. dollars in 1960 and a maximum of 9.19 billion U.S. dollars in 2015. Though there is upward trend of both private consumption and public spending in Kenya, the relationship between the variables is not clear. This study sought to investigate the relationship between government spending and private consumption in Kenya. The specific objectives of this study were to; determine the correlation between government spending and private consumption, establishthe long run equilibrium linkage between government spending and private consumption and determine the causality link between government spending and private consumption in Kenya. This study was based on correlational research design and used the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) estimation technique. The model was subjected to several diagnostic tests, Breusch- Godfrey serial correlation LM test, CUSUM test and Bound test to ensure validity and reliability. The results of the study revealed that government spending has a significant positive effect on private consumption both in short run (= 0.376,) and long-run (= 0.888,). The results also indicated that the variables had a positive trend with a strong, statistically significant positiveassociation (0.998,). The Granger causality test results indicate that there is long run unidirectional causal relationship running from government consumption to private consumption. Based on the results, this study recommends the enhanced use of public spending to stimulate the private consumption.
ANALYSIS ON RETURNS TO LEVELS OF EDUCATION AND CHALLENGES FACED BY THE COMPUTER URBAN SELF EMPLOYED IN KISII COUNTY, KENYA
(INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CURRENT RESEARCH, 2017-06-18) Eliud Nyakundi; Prof Enose M.W. Simatwa; Prof Theodore M.O. Ayodo
The self-employment sector provides an avenue for workers to earn a living. There exists earning differentials among workers with various levels of education worldwide. In Kisii County there are worker entering into employment with various levels of education. The return to the self-employed varies. The return to the self-employed is important in determining individual and government investment in education. The purpose of the study was to establish education returns to computer selfemployment activities in urban Kisii County. The study objectives were to; determine the returns to education of various levels of education of the self-employed in computer industry, determine the challenges facing the self-employed, determine effectiveness of intervention measures by Kenya government to assist the self-employed in their work. The study used descriptive and correlation design. Human capital theory was used. The population of the study was 11240.That is in computer service industry 6400. The study used Fisher’s model to derive a sample of 384 respondents with 218 computer services Questionnaire and interview schedules were used to collect data for the study. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression analysis. Qualitative data was transcribed and analyzed in emergent themes and sub-themes: The study found out that; in computer service industry self-employed respondents with K.C.P.E earned an average Ksh 15,571.17, K.C.S.E earned an average 14,857.08, certificate earned 9364.81 and diploma earned an average of 9364.81 amount of money and bachelor earned 30,293.33. The Pearson’s r results were’ k.c.pe 0.643, k.c.s.e 0.104, certificate 0.128, diploma 0.195 and bachelors degree 0.045. The r2 analysis was: k.c.p.e 2 category the r was 0.0413, k.c.s.e was 0.011, certificate 0.016, and diploma was 0.038 for bachelors. The adjusted R results were:kcpe 0.373, kcse 0.02, certificate 0.002, diploma0.001 and bachelors 0.075 The ANOVA indicated k.c.p.e (F(1,15)10.572,P=0.005), k.c.s.e was (F(1,70)0,761, P=0.386), certificate was (F(1,52,)0.868,P=0.356), diploma was (F(1,28)1.031, P=0.319 and bachelor results were (F(1,13)0.006,P=0.874). Government intervention was not effective in the provision of: market stalls, loans and market for finished products, but effective in provision of: security, electricity and infrastructure. The study concluded that; there was a significant and positive association between returns to education and increasing level of education, and lack of capital was a challenge to the selfemployed. The study recommended government intervention in funding the self-employed in their activities, reduced electricity charges and blackouts. The study is important in formulation of education programmes relevant to the self-employed and government intervention in support of the self-employed.
ANALYSIS ON RETURNS TO LEVELS OF EDUCATION AND CHALLENGES FACED BY THE MOTOR SPARE PARTS URBAN SELF EMPLOYED IN KISII COUNTY, KENYA
(INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CURRENT RESEARCH, 2017-06-23) Eliud Nyakundi; Prof. Enose M.W Simatwa; Prof Theodore. M. Ayodo; Peter O Nyabera
The self-employment sector provides an avenue for workers to earn a living.. There exists earning differentials among workers with various levels of education worldwide In Kisii county there are worker entering into employment with various levels of education. The return to the self-employed varies. The returns to the selfemployed are important in determing individual and government investment in education. The purpose of the study was to establish education returns spare parts self-employment activities in urban Kisii County. The study objectives were to; determine the returns to education of various levels of education of the self-employed in motor spare parts industry, determine the challenges facing the self-employed, determine effectiveness of intervention measures by Kenya government to assist the self-employed in their work. The study used descriptive and correlation design. Human capital theory was used. The population of the study was 11240.That is in computer service industry 6400 and spare parts 4840 workers. The study used Fisher’s model to derive a sample of 166 spare parts self-employed workers. Questionnaire and interview schedules were used to collect data for the study. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression analysis. Qualitative data was transcribed and analyzed in emergent themes and sub-themes. Government intervention was not effective in the provision of: market stalls, loans and market for finished products, but effective in provision of: security, electricity and infrastructure. In spare parts the results showed that on average; respondents with KC.P.E earned Ksh 16, 786.3636, K.C.SE earned 16855.8140; certificate earned 16825.9259 qualifications earned nearly similar amount of money. Diploma graduates earnings were 22584.2105 and bachelors earned 29,150.000. Analysis of pearson’s r indicate; For k.cpe was 0.617, k.c.se 0.009, certificate 0.130, diploma 0.129 and bachelors 0.297. The Pearson’s r2 results were: kcpe was 0.413, kcse 0.011, certificate 0.016, diploma 0.038 and degree 0.002. The adjusted R results were: kcpe 0.373. kcse 0.002, certificate 0.002, diploma 0.001 and degree 0.075. The ANOVA results were: For kcpe(F(1,20)12.282, P=0.002), kcse (F(1,84)0,007, P=0.935), certificate was (F(1,25,) 0.428,P=0.519), diploma was (F(1,17)1.290, P=0.597) and bachelors degree was(F(1,10)0.0.964,P=0.349).The Pearson’s r results were’ kcpe 0.643, kcse 0.104, certificate 0.128, diploma 0.195 and bachelors degree 0.045. The Pearson’s r2results were: kcpe was 0.413, kcse 0.011, certificate 0.016, diploma 0.038 and degree 0.002.The r adjusted results were :kcpe 0.373. kcse 0.002, certificate 0.002, diploma 0.001 and degree 0.075. The ANOVA results were computed as: For kcpe (F(1,15)10.572,P=0.005), kcse was (F(1,70)0,761, P=0.386), certificate was (F(1,52,)0.868, P=0.356), diploma was (F(1,28)1.031, P=0.319 and bachelor results were (F(1,13)0.006,P=0.874). The model summary indicated that the independent variables (K.C.P.E, K.C.S.E, Certificate, Diploma and Undergraduate levels of education) explained up to 22.6% of the variation of average earnings 77.4% remained unexplained. The study concluded that; there was a significant and positive association between returns to education and increasing level of education, and lack of capital was a challenge to the self-employed. The study recommended government intervention in funding the self-employed in their activities, reduced electricity charges and blackouts. The study is important in formulation of education programmes relevant to the self-employed and government intervention in support of the self-employed.
Causal Effect of Financial Market Frictions and Flight to Quality on Cost of Credit in Kenya
(Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 2021-11-06) Barnabas Ochieng’ Onyango; Dr. Alphonce Juma Odondo; Prof. John Ernest Odada
Financial market conditions have been declining over the past ten years globally as most developing countries continue to adopt more liberal financial policies, such conditions may amplify adverse shocks to the economy. The Kenyan Banking sector was highly profitable before the implementation of financial market frictions, with industry return on equity’s average of 20%. The ratio of credit supply to gross domestic product was 35%; and the economy grew by 5.6 %. Nonetheless, after its adoption, listed Banks recorded negative Earnings per Share growth of 8.2%, compared to an average positive growth of 14.1%, The Net Interest Margin declined to 8.4% from 9.4%. Studies relating to financial market frictions, flight to quality and Cost of Credit have produced mixed results. It was on this basis that this study sought to establish the effect of financial market frictions and flight to quality on cost of credit in Kenya. The study adopted correlational research design. Secondary data from the Kenyan Market for the period January 2009 to December 2019 was analyzed. Augmented Dickey Fuller and Philips-perron unit root test was used to test the stationarity of the data. VECM was estimated to establish the speed of adjustment towards the long run equilibrium; Wald statistics was also estimated to establish short run causalities amongst the variables. Based on cointegrating equations, the error correction term indicated a negative sign and was significant at 5% level (C (1) = -0.153042, .0429 < 0.05), an indication that a long run relationship exists amongst the variables. Wald statistics revealed that the estimated coefficients in the VECM were insignificantly different from zero (.8417; .5603; .9188>p=0.05),however, Central Bank rate was found to be different from zero and significant at 5% level (.0163>p=0.05), an indication that there was a short run casualty running from the Central Bank rate to cost of credit. The study therefore recommends that for Micro finance institutions to maximize their profits they should adopt new technologies like Mobile Banking for their credit facilities, this does not require administrative and operation costs, in a bid to cope with the market shocks and frictions.
CAUSALITY BETWEEN REAL INTEREST RATE AND GROSS CAPITAL FORMATION IN KENYA: THE HICKSIAN HYPOTHESIS
(EPRA JOURNALS, 2018-09-10) Ochieng Otieno Benjack; Dr. Odondo Alphonce Juma
In 2016, the Government of Kenyan introduced interest rate cap of 14% per annum to spar investments through cheaper credit acquisition from commercial banks. This objective was not realized as evidenced by deteriorating levels of investments as reported by the Central Bank of Kenya (CBK) in 2017. In response to this incongruity, causal relationship between Real Interest Rate (RIR) and Gross Capital Formation (GCF) together with the relevance of Hicksian Hypothesis was tested in Kenya. Correlational research design was adopted and World Bank Time series data from 1980 to 2017 was used. Long run causality was tested using Vector error correction model (VECM) and revealed a long run causality with the speed of adjustment towards equilibrium = 1.696590 at p =0.0061. Wald test pointed to the existence of short run causality between the two variables. The study found a bi directional causality between RIR and GCF in the short and long-run periods. Consequently, investments decisions in Kenya closely follow the Hicksian hypothesis. Although bidirectional causality was established, a weak negative association existed between the two variables, suggesting the existence of other factors which determine GCF in Kenya given the outlined incongruity. Hence, the two variables should be jointly considered together with other GCF determinants during policy formulation in order to enhance investment activities in the economy.
Comparative Economic Analysis of Clonal Tea Yield Response to Nitrogen Fertiliser Rates within Selected Geographical Areas in Kenya
(International Journal of Tea Science, 2020-09-09) Rosebell A. Owuor; Alphonce J. Odondo; P. Okinda Owuor; David M. Kamau
Tea sector contributes approximately 30% of export earnings in Kenya. Despite the industry continuing to realize positive gross margins, high costs of production coupled with weak trends in export prices threaten its future contributions. Nitrogen fertiliser is mandatory in tea production and its appropriate use promotes tea growth rate and yields. Previous studies using different tea cultivars established that optimal fertiliser rates varied with clones and geographical area of production. However, economics of nitrogenous fertilisers use on same tea cultivar in different tea growing regions in Kenya remains undefined. This study evaluated response of NPKS 25:5:5:5 fertiliser applied at 0, 75, 150, 225 and 300 kg N/ha/year on clone BBK35 to determine the viable economic rate under uniform management in different locations (Karirana, Timbilil, Changoi, Sotik Highlands and Kipkebe) within Kenya. The study used time series tea yield data and corresponding variable costs from field experiments running from 1997 to 2007. The data were subjected to Partial Budget Analysis (PBA) procedures for economic analysis of on-farm experiments. The economic returns varied with rate of nitrogen and region of production. Maximum marginal rate of return (MRR) were achieved at 75 kg N/ha/year at Kipkebe, Changoi and Timbilil, and 150 at Sotik Highlands and Karirana. However best economic returns were recorded at 300 kg N/ha/year in Kipkebe and Sotik Highlands, 225 kg N/ha/year in Changoi, and at 150 kg N/ha/year in Timbilil and Karirana. These results demonstrate that current uniform fertiliser recommendation rate of 100 to 220 kg N/ha/year may not be suitable for all regions. There is need to develop region specific nitrogen fertiliser requirements for tea growing areas in Kenya.
Comparative Study on Accuracy of Responses by Select AI Tools: ChatGPT and Perplexity AI Visa Vee Human Responses
(International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, 2024-11) *1Salmon Oliech Owidi; 2 Joanne Nabwire Lyanda; 3 Eric W. Wangila
This study explored questions whose solutions were provided by human experts, ChatGPT, and Perplexity AI. The responses were triangulated in discussions to identify oversights, alternative frames, and biases against human-generated insights. ChatGPT and Perplexity AI were selected due to their popularity, with ChatGPT gaining over 100 million users and Perplexity AI 87 million within a year. Educational specialists submitted questions across various fields, along with their responses, which were subsequently posed to the AI tools. These responses were coded and evaluated by twelve educational specialists and subject matter experts (N = 24) based on scientific accuracy, actionability, and comprehensibility. Descriptive statistics indicated that Human Experts achieved significantly higher mean scores in both Scientific Accuracy (M = 7.42, SD = 0.65) and Actionability (M = 7.25, SD = 0.77) compared to ChatGPT (M = 6.25, SD = 0.71; M = 5.42, SD = 0.99) and Perplexity AI (M = 4.33, SD = 0.79; M = 4.17, SD = 1.06). In terms of Comprehensibility, ChatGPT led with a mean score of 6.58 (SD = 0.99) compared to Human Experts (M = 7.08, SD = 1.24) and Perplexity AI (M = 5.43, SD = 0.55). Kruskal-Wallis tests revealed significant differences across all dimensions (p < 0.001 for Scientific Accuracy and Actionability; p = 0.015 for Comprehensibility). Post-hoc Dunn's tests confirmed that Human Experts outperformed both AI tools, while ChatGPT was significantly more comprehensible than Perplexity AI. These findings highlight the limitations of AI in delivering scientifically accurate and actionable insights due to factors like lack of emotional intelligence and common sense. The study recommends careful evaluation of AI integration in academic and research
COMPOSITION-DIFFERENTIATION OPERATOR ON THE BERGMAN SPACE
(Pan-American Journal of Mathematics, 2023) K.O.ALOO; J.O.BONYO; ANDI.OKELLO
We investigate the properties of composition-differentiation operator D on the Bergman space of the unit disk L2 a(D). Specifically, we characterize the properties of the reproducing kernel for the derivatives of the Bergman space functions. Moreover, we determine the adjoint properties of D whenever is self analytic map of the unit disk D
COMPOSITION-DIFFERENTIATION OPERATOR ON THE BERGMAN SPACE
(Pan-American Journal of Mathematics, 2023) K. O. ALOO1; J. O. BONYO2; I. OKELLO1
We investigate the properties of composition-differentiation operator Dψ on the Bergman space of the unit disk L2 a(D). Specifically, we characterize the properties of the reproducing kernel for the derivatives of the Bergman space functions. Moreover, we determine the adjoint properties of Dψ whenever ψ is self analytic map of the unit disk D.
Contribution of The Catholic Church to Instructional Resources and Appointment of School Administrators in Public Secondary Schools in Kenya. A study across Public Secondary Schools in Kisii Central Sub - County
(2025-07-07) David Radeny Odhiambo1; Enose M.W. Simatwa2
Kenya’s Legislation on Basic Education directs religious sponsors to participate in appointment of principals and provision of instructional materials to schools. In Kisii Central Sub-County, the Catholic Church participates in management of 29(39.7%) secondary schools. However, queries were being raised on the current contribution of the church as it had come to the fore that most sponsored schools were experiencing crises that had tended to be linked to the church’s participation in school management. For instance, out of 29 principals in the sub-county, 18 (62.07%) new principals; 23 (79.31%) deputy principals and 5 (17.24%) BOM chair persons were rejected by the church from assuming their positions between 2010 - 2013 in the Sub-County which was higher compared to neighbouring Sub-Counties, that is, Marani 1(4.54%) and Kisii South 2 (7.41%) Principals; while Masaba 3 (12%) and Sameta 3 (13.04%) both involving Board of Management. The objectives of the study were to establish the contribution of Catholic Church to instructional resources and to find out the contribution of the Catholic Church in appointment of school administrators to management positions of public secondary schools in Kisii Central Sub - County. The findings of this study indicated that the Catholic Church contribution to instructional resources was 50.8% in terms of laboratory equipment, text books and teaching materials and appointment of school administrators was 25%. This had positive influence on management Quality Index.
Drivers of Organic Fertiliser Adoption and Use Intensity Among Smallholder Maize Farmers in Lake Victoria Region, Western Kenya
(Open access publication ., 2025-07-16) Rosebell Achieng Owuor; Alphonce Juma Odondo; Caleb Ollweny; Mathews Dida
Smallholder farmers account for about 75% of maize production in Kenya. The current average on farm productivity is 1.43 ton/ha against the potential of 6 ton/ha. In Western Kenya, low soil organic carbon is one of the contributors to the low maize productivity. Studies have shown that organic fertilizers contribute towards increase in soil productivity. However, there is paucity of information on the relationship between drivers of organic fertilizers adoption and use intensity among the farmers, which the study seeks to address. A total of 358 farmers were interviewed in the 2020/21 growing seasons. Heckman’s two-stage model was estimated. The results demonstrate that age, education, gender, soil quality perception and access to supportive resources are pivotal in shaping organic farming decisions. There is need for targeted extension services to less educated and older farmers. Off-farm income generation should be encouraged. Integrated soil fertility management approaches that address nutrient replenishment and soil erosion control is necessary, and there is need to promote mechanization or subsidization of organic fertilizer application on larger farms as this may help overcome labour constraints and improve organic fertilizer adoption on a broader scale. The results may be a source of literature for subsequent studies in related fields.
Dynamics of Core Inflation, Energy Inflation, Food Inflation and Manufacturing Sector Output Growth in Kenya: Econometric Analysis of Causality and Effects
(www.iiste.org, 2021-01-31) Dr. Alphonce Juma Odondo
World over, the manufacturing sector plays an important role in spurring economic development by boosting employment opportunities for semi-skilled labour and building a nation’s competitiveness through exports. Globally, only a few nations have managed to realize their development status without manufacturing sector playing a leading role. Kenya has not managed to develop a robust manufacturing sector and its growth has been majorly ascribed to the agricultural and service sectors. It has therefore, experienced de industrialization as evidenced by the decline in GDP contribution by the manufacturing sector from a paltry 10% in 2018 to 9.7% in 2019. The de industrialization has been characterized by fluctuating inflation rates, a scenario that has elicited debate as to whether there exists any nexus between manufacturing sector output growth and inflation rate. A few empirical studies have been conducted on the same, however, the exact relationship is not well defined. Furthermore, inflation has been largely treated as an aggregate, a scenario that hampers policy formulation. A disaggregated approach to the analysis thus motivated this study. Time series data from the world bank was used and VECM estimated to assess long run dynamics after stationarity test by ADF and Cointegration test by Johannes’s approach. Short run causalities were assessed via Wald test. The study revealed long run relationship between manufacturing output growth and the variables (core inflation, energy inflation and food inflation). Short run causality running from each of the inflation types to manufacturing output growth also exists. Food inflation negatively and significantly influences manufacturing output growth while core inflation has significant positive effect on the same. To enhance manufacturing output growth in Kenya, food inflation should be reduced and stabilized. In the same vain, low and stable level of core inflation should be ensured over time.
EDUCATION STAKEHOLDER’S CONTRIBUTION TO MOTIVATION OF TEACHERS AND GIRL STUDENT IN ENHANCEMENT OF QUALITY EDUCATION FOR GIRLS’ IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS:
(INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CURRENT RESEARCH, 2017-06-18) Hellen Adhiambo Ahawo; Enose M.W. Simatwa
The government of Kenya in partnership with religious sponsors, parents, politicians, Board of management and principals provide financial, human and physical resources to enhance education of girls and boys in schools. However with all these measures in place, girls in Siaya County schools performance in Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education was generally low compared to national where few girls have featured in 100 best students. For the last four years in Siaya County the with mean scores of 6.21, 6.90, 6.05 and 6.80 for the years 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014 compared to the boys schools mean scores of 7.73, 7.73, 7.56 and 8.27 for the same period. What was unknown was the contribution of stakeholders to the provision of quality education to girls in public secondary schools in Kenya. The purpose of the study was to establish motivation of teachers and students in enhancement of quality . A conceptual framework showing the relationship between independent variables (contribution of stakeholders) and dependent variables (motivation was used to guide the study). The study used descriptive survey design. The study ng of principals, Deputy Principals, Directors of Studies, Board of The government of Kenya in partnership with religious sponsors, parents, politicians, Board of management and principals provide financial, human and physical resources to enhance education of girls and boys in schools. However with all these measures in p performance in Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education was generally low compared to national where few girls have featured in 100 best students. For the last four years in Siaya County the performance has been average 2012, 2013 and 2014 compared to the boys schools mean scores of 7.73, 7.73, 7.56 and 8.27 for the same period. What was unknown was the contribution of stakeholders to the provision of qu education to girls in public secondary schools in Kenya. The purpose of the study was to establish contribution of stakeholders to education for girls’ in secondary schools in Siaya County relationship between independent variables (contribution of stakeholders) and dependent variables (motivation was used to guide the study). The study used descriptive survey design. The study population was 155 consisti management chairpersons, Parents Teachers Association rents Teachers Association chairpersons, Sub County Quality Assurance and Standards Officers and Church Education Secretaries. Data collected using questionnaires and interview schedules. Validity of the instruments was determined by experts in Educational Administration. Reliability of the instruments was determined by test re method and Pearson’s r coefficients were .78 an value of .05. Data collected by questionnaire was analyzed using frequency counts, percentages, means and t from interviews and open ended questions was transcribed, analyzed and reported in emergent themes and sub themes. The study established that Principals and Board of Managements contributed highly to motivation of teachers and students as signified by means recommended that all stakeholders should improve on their contributions to enhance the girls’ academic achievement. The findings of this study are significant to stakeholders in education by improving them in area The government of Kenya in partnership with religious sponsors, parents, politicians, Board of management and principals provide financial, human and physical resources to enhance education of girls and boys in schools. However with all these measures in p performance in Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education was generally low compared to national where few girls have featured in 100 best students. For the last four years in Siaya County the performance has been average with mean scores of 6.21, 6.90, 6.05 and 6.80 for the years 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014 compared to the boys schools mean scores of 7.73, 7.73, 7.56 and 8.27 for the same period. What was unknown was the contribution of stakeholders to the provision of qu education to girls in public secondary schools in Kenya. The purpose of the study was to establish contribution of stakeholders to motivation of teachers and students in education for girls’ in secondary schools in Siaya County. A conceptual framework showing the relationship between independent variables (contribution of stakeholders) and dependent variables (motivation was used to guide the study). The study used descriptive survey design. The study population was 155 consisting of principals, Deputy Principals, Directors of Studies, Board of management chairpersons, Parents Teachers Association rents Teachers Association chairpersons, Sub County Quality Assurance and Standards Officers and Church Education Secretaries. Data collected using questionnaires and interview schedules. Validity of the instruments was determined by experts in Educational Administration. Reliability of the instruments was determined by test re method and Pearson’s r coefficients were .78 and .81 for principals and form four class teachers at p value of .05. Data collected by questionnaire was analyzed using frequency counts, percentages, means and t-test. Quantitative data was analyzed using percentages, means and t rom interviews and open ended questions was transcribed, analyzed and reported in emergent themes and sub themes. The study established that Principals and Board of Managements contributed highly to motivation of teachers and students as signified by means of 4.02 and 3.70 respectively. The study recommended that all stakeholders should improve on their contributions to enhance the girls’ academic achievement. The findings of this study are significant to stakeholders in education by improving them in areas that require doubling their efforts for meaningful contributions. management chairpersons, Parents Teachers Association rents Teachers Association chairpersons, Sub County Quality Assurance and Standards Officers and Church Education Secretaries. Data was collected using questionnaires and interview schedules. Validity of the instruments was determined by experts in Educational Administration. Reliability of the instruments was determined by test re-test d .81 for principals and form four class teachers at p- value of .05. Data collected by questionnaire was analyzed using frequency counts, percentages, test. Quantitative data was analyzed using percentages, means and t-test. Qualitative data rom interviews and open ended questions was transcribed, analyzed and reported in emergent themes and sub themes. The study established that Principals and Board of Managements contributed highly of 4.02 and 3.70 respectively. The study recommended that all stakeholders should improve on their contributions to enhance the girls’ academic achievement. The findings of this study are significant to stakeholders in education by s that require doubling their efforts for meaningful contributions.
EDUCATION STAKEHOLDERS’ CONTRIBUTION TO SCHOOL QUALITY LEADERSHIP IN ENHANCEMENT OF QUALITY EDUCATION FOR GIRLS IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS KENYA:
(INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CURRENT RESEARCH, 2017-06-19) Enose M.W. Simatwa; Hellen Adhiambo Ahawo
The government of Kenya in Parents Teachers Association partnership with religious sponsors, Parents Teachers Association, politicians, Board of Management and principals provide financial, human and physical resources to enhance education of girls and boys in schools. However with all these measures in place, girls in Siaya County schools performance in Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education Examinations was generally low compared to national where few girls have featured in 100 best students. For the last four years in Siaya County the performance has been average with mean scores of 6.21, 6.90, 6.05 and 6.80 for the years 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014 compared to the boys schools mean scores of 7.73, 7.73, 7.56 and 8.27 for the same period. The objective of this study was to establish contribution of education stakeholders to school quality leadership in the provision of quality education to girls in public secondary schools in Siaya County. A conceptual framework showing the relationship between independent variables (contribution of stakeholders) and dependent variables (quality leadership was used to guide the study). The study used descriptive survey design. The study population was 155 consisting of principals, Deputy Principals, Directors of Studies, Board of Management chairpersons, Parents Teachers Association rents Teachers Association chairpersons, Sub County Quality Assurance and Standards Officers and Church Education Secretaries. Quantitative data was analyzed using percentages, means and t-test. Qualitative data from interviews and open ended questions was transcribed, analyzed and reported in emergent themes and sub themes according to objectives of the study. The study established that the principals and Board of Managements contributed highly to schools’ quality leadership as indicated by means of 4.17 and 3.60 respectively. The areas of contribution included conflict resolution, team teaching and guidance and counseling services. The study recommended that all stakeholders should improve on their contributions to enhance the girls’ academic achievement.
EDUCATION STAKEHOLDERS’ CONTRIBUTION TO SCHOOL QUALITY LEADERSHIP IN ENHANCEMENT OF QUALITY EDUCATION FOR GIRLS IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS KENYA:
(INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CURRENT RESEARCH, 2017-06-19) Enose M.W. Simatwa; Hellen Adhiambo Ahawo
The government of Kenya in Parents Teachers Association partnership with religious sponsors, Parents Teachers Association, politicians, Board of Management and principals provide financial, human and physical resources to enhance education of girls and boys in schools. However with all these measures in place, girls in Siaya County schools performance in Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education Examinations was generally low compared to national where few girls have featured in 100 st four years in Siaya County the performance has been average with mean scores of 6.21, 6.90, 6.05 and 6.80 for the years 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014 compared to the boys schools mean scores of 7.73, 7.73, 7.56 and 8.27 for the same period. The objective of this study was to establish contribution of education stakeholders to school quality leadership in the provision of quality education to girls in public secondary schools in Siaya County. A conceptual framework dent variables (contribution of stakeholders) and dependent The government of Kenya in Parents Teachers Association partnership with religious sponsors, Parents Teachers Association, politicians, Board of Management and principals provide financial, human and physical resources to enhance education of girls and boy these measures in place, girls in Siaya County schools performance in Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education Examinations was generally low compared to national where few girls have featured in 100 best students. For the la scores of 6.21, 6.90, 6.05 and 6.80 for the years 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014 compared to the boys schools mean scores of 7.73, 7.73, 7.56 and 8.27 for the same period. The objectiv to establish contribution of education stakeholders to school quality leadership in the provision of quality education to girls in public secondary schools in Siaya County. A conceptual framework showing the relationship between indepen variables (quality leadership was used to guide the study). The study used descriptive survey design. The study population was 155 consisting of principals, Deputy Principals, Directors of Studies of Management chairpersons, Parents Teachers Association rents Teachers Association chairpersons, Sub County Quality Assurance and Standards Officers and Church Education Secretaries. Quantitative data was analyzed using percentages, means and t ended questions was transcribed, analyzed and reported in emergent themes and sub themes according to objectives of the study. The study established that the principals and Board of Managements contributed hi The areas of contribution included conflict resolution, team teaching and guidance and counseling services. The study recommended that all stakeholders should improve enhance the girls’ academic achievement. The government of Kenya in Parents Teachers Association partnership with religious sponsors, Parents Teachers Association, politicians, Board of Management and principals provide financial, human and physical resources to enhance education of girls and boy these measures in place, girls in Siaya County schools performance in Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education Examinations was generally low compared to national where few girls have featured in 100 best students. For the last four years in Siaya County the performance has been average with mean scores of 6.21, 6.90, 6.05 and 6.80 for the years 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014 compared to the boys schools mean scores of 7.73, 7.73, 7.56 and 8.27 for the same period. The objectiv to establish contribution of education stakeholders to school quality leadership in the provision of quality education to girls in public secondary schools in Siaya County. A conceptual framework showing the relationship between independent variables (contribution of stakeholders) and dependent variables (quality leadership was used to guide the study). The study used descriptive survey design. The study population was 155 consisting of principals, Deputy Principals, Directors of Studies of Management chairpersons, Parents Teachers Association rents Teachers Association chairpersons, Sub County Quality Assurance and Standards Officers and Church Education Secretaries. Quantitative data was analyzed using percentages, means and t-test. Qualitative data from interviews and open ended questions was transcribed, analyzed and reported in emergent themes and sub themes according to objectives of the study. The study established that the principals and Board of Managements contributed highly to schools’ quality leadership as indicated by means of 4.17 and 3.60 respectively. The areas of contribution included conflict resolution, team teaching and guidance and counseling services. The study recommended that all stakeholders should improve enhance the girls’ academic achievement. variables (quality leadership was used to guide the study). The study used descriptive survey design. The study population was 155 consisting of principals, Deputy Principals, Directors of Studies, Board of Management chairpersons, Parents Teachers Association rents Teachers Association chairpersons, Sub County Quality Assurance and Standards Officers and Church Education Secretaries. Quantitative test. Qualitative data from interviews and open ended questions was transcribed, analyzed and reported in emergent themes and sub themes according to objectives of the study. The study established that the principals and Board of Managements ghly to schools’ quality leadership as indicated by means of 4.17 and 3.60 respectively. The areas of contribution included conflict resolution, team teaching and guidance and counseling services. The study recommended that all stakeholders should improve on their contributions to
Effect of Cash Transfers on Household Consumption amongst the Vulnerable Population in Awendo Sub-County
(Journal of Economics & Management Research, 2021-07-21) Donald Indiya; Oloo Willis Otieno; Odondo Alphonce; Gulali Donald; Odayo Frankline
Despite the national cash transfer programme, poverty rate among the Kenyan population is still high at a prevalence rate of 48.9% in 2016 up from 45% in 2008. In Kenya, poverty prevalence is disproportionately spread across the 47 counties and sub-counties. In Awendo sub-county, poverty prevalence rate is 49.8 % in 2018 which is higher than the national figure prompting this empirical study. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of cash transfer on consumption among vulnerable households in Awendo Sub-County. The study was anchored on the Life Cycle hypothesis of consumption and savings, the study used a correlational design to aid the determination of relationship and association between cash transfers and status of household consumption. Using stratified sampling method, a total of 390 respondents were selected. However, the response rate was 98.7 %. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was estimated to test for reliability and the value was 0.782 which was greater than the threshold of 0.7. The study used multiple linear regression models which indicated that, there is a positive significant effect of cash transfer on consumption (α1 =0.060;p=0.046). In conclusion; cash transfer is an important factor determining levels of consumption of the vulnerable population in Awendo Sub-County. The study recommends for policy to enhance allocations among the vulnerable population in Awendo and Kenya in general. The study provides empirical evidence on the current body of knowledge for researchers and policy makers.
Effect of Domestic Saving on Capital Formation in Kenya
(www.iiste.org, 2019-08-31) Mukhongo Wafula; Nelson Obange; Alphonce Odondo
Kenya’s average rate of gross capital formation of 20.13% of GDP over the period 2006-2017 falls short of at least 25% necessary for developing countries to experience sustainable growth. The attendant effects of low capital formation have entrenched unemployment rate above 39% line and consigned more than 65 per cent of the country’s population to living on less than $ 2 a day. The statistics suggest the need for urgent policy intervention aimed at accelerating capital formation in Kenya. But whether the government should respond by mobilizing more domestic saving or not is the question which this study sought to answer. This is because majority of the previous studies that investigated the effects of domestic saving on development indicators limited themselves to growthsaving nexus. Those that investigated the effect of domestic saving on capital formation either restricted themselves to a bivariate framework or controlled for a few sources of capital formation. This implies that the effect of domestic saving on capital formation is not clear. Besides, the response of capital formation to shocks in domestic saving is not clear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of domestic saving and the response of capital formation to shocks in domestic saving. The study was anchored by Solow’s capital accumulation model within a correlational studies research design. Data over 1974-2017 period was sourced from the World Bank. ARDL bounds test found the existence of cointegrating relationship among gross capital formation, gross domestic saving and the controlled variables when gross capital formation was specified as the target variable. The short-run dynamic model estimates indicated that ECM term corrects 39.56% of deviations from long run equilibrium in one year. ARDL estimation indicated that in the long run, gross domestic saving has positive significant effect on gross capital formation. The results were robust for IRFs analysis which found the response of gross capital formation to innovations in gross domestic saving to be positive and significant. The study concluded that in the long-run, Kenya’s capital formation will be driven by domestic saving. Therefore, to achieve high capital formation in the long-run, the study recommended policies that enhance positive effects of domestic saving for consideration by the government of Kenya.
Effect of Financial Inclusion on Performance of Microfinance Banks in Kenya
(THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BUSINESS & MANAGEMENT, 2021-02) Lilian Achieng' Issaias; Dr. Alphonce Juma Odondo; Dr. Stephen Okelo
Financial inclusion brings closer financial services at affordable costs to sections of disadvantaged and low-income segments of society. There have been many formidable challenges in financial inclusion such challenges include; bridging the gap between the sections of society that are financially excluded within the ambit of the formal financial system, providing financial literacy and strengthening credit delivery mechanisms so as to promote financial economic growth. A nation can grow economically and socially if its weaker section can turn out to be financially independent. Kenya strives to become a regional financial hub with vibrant, efficient and globally competitive financial system to drive savings and investments by the year 2030, where financial inclusion has been identified as a key driver. However, there is paucity of information on the contribution of financial inclusion on performance of micro finance banks in Kenya. It is on this basis that the study sought to determine the effect of financial inclusion on financial performance of micro finance banks in Kenya. The study was guided by Expectations Theory, Contracting Cost Theory and Market Hypothesis Theory. A census study was carried out for all the twelve (12) microfinance banks in Kenya. The study relied on secondary data covering the period 2015-2019 and this was obtained from audited financial statements of the microfinance banks. Correlational research design was adopted. Random and Fixed effects panel data models were estimated to establish the relationships. Choice of the best model between the two was done using the Hausman test where random effect was selected. Post estimation tests including multicollinearity, autocorrelation and heteroscekedastity work conducted. An insignificant negative relationship was established between firm size and return on assets (Coef= -.0014368, p >0.05). Similarly, the study established insignificant negative relationship between interest rates and financial performance as measured by return on asset (Coef= -.0888295, p >0.05). However, there was a significant positive relationship between operational efficiency and return on asset as a measure of financial performance (Coef= .394119, p <0.05). The study concluded that operational efficiency affected financial performance of micro finance banks in Kenya hence recommended that microfinance institutions should leverage on operational efficiency in order to make profit for shareholders.
Effect of Foreign Multilateral Aid and Foreign Bilateral Aid on Capital Formation in Kenya
(American Research Institute for Policy Development, 2019-09) Mukhongo Wafula; Alphonce Odondo; Nelson Obange
Low capital formation in Kenya, averaging rate 20.13% of GDP over the period 2006-2017 has kept unemployment rate above 39% with more than 65 per cent of people living on less than $ 2 a day. Yet previous studies do not have a clear answer to the question of whether increasing bilateral aid/multilateral aidenhances capital formation or not. This study’s purpose was to investigate the effect of multilateral aid and bilateral aid on capital formation in Kenya. The study was anchored by Solow (1956) model. Autoregressive distributed lag estimates for data over 1974-2017 suggested that multilateral aid has positive insignificant effect on capital formation while bilateral aid has negative significant effect after one year. Error correction mechanism model estimates suggest that bilateral aid has positive significant effect on capital formation in the short-run during the programme year but becomes negative thereafter. The results were robust for impulse response analyses. The study concluded that bilateral aid retards capital formation in the long run but enhances it in the short-run during the first year.Soliciting for more bilateral aid was recommended in order accelerate capital formation in Kenya in the short-run.
EFFECT OF FOREIGN REMITTANCES ON PRIVATE CONSUMPTION, INVESTMENT, IMPORT AND OUTPUT IN EAST AFRICA COMMUNITY
(International Journal of Social Science and Economic Research, 2017-06-06) Penuel Nyaanga Ondieng’a; Dr. Alphonce Juma Odondo (PhD); Dr. Benjamin Owuor Ombok (PhD)
Foreign remittances to East Africa Community (EAC) have increased considerably in the past two decades becoming one of the largest sources of foreign currency earnings. However, despite the remarkable growth of remittances in EAC, little has been researched on its effect on consumption, investment, import and output at macro level. Most of the available literatures concentrates on its effect on poverty reduction at household levels. This study, therefore, sought to empirically test the link between remittances and consumption, investment, import and output. The study used correlational research design anchored on a linear Keynesian macroeconomic model with a dynamic outlook. Panel data set for the period 2000-2014 from the World Bank database for the five EAC countries, namely; Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda and Burundi were used. The study used a Two Stage Least Square (TSLS) method of estimation and established that of foreign remittances have a positive effect on private consumption, investment, import and output in EAC. The study recommends that macroeconomic policies should focus on its sustainability to promote economic growth and makes implications for policy and further research.